have clear rulesagainst athletes that use drugs to gain a competitive advantage. Chand’s actions arenoteworthy in that she is the first in her situation to refuse medicalintervention, opting against altering the body she was born with. Dutee Chand is challenging her ban by appealing hercase to the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Switzerland. But, the number of women with hyperandrogenism competing in elitetrack and field events is 140 times greater than the average population, whichsuggests an association. There is noevidence that elevated levels of naturally produced testosterone give athleticadvantage. Based on 2011 guidelinesenacted by the International Association of Athletics Federations (I.A.A.C.),Chand can return to competition only after lowering her testosterone levelsbelow the male range via hormone-suppressing drugs or surgery. She has hyperandrogenism, a condition which causes her body to naturally produce levels of testosteronethat are in the range of what is typical for males. Last month, The New York Times reported on Dutee Chand, afemale Indian sprinter who was recently barred from international competitiondue to elevated levels of testosterone.
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